PinkStem

Seton, Ernest Thompson

2005-04-05T09:01:00.000-07:00

From the time of its inception in 1943 until the time of its demise in 1954, the AAGPBL included some 545 women, who were recruited from the United States, Canada, and Cuba. The league's founder was Chicago Cubs owner

Doyle, Richard

2005-04-02T18:58:00.000-08:00

A student of his father, Doyle regularly contributed (from 1843) decorations, theatre sketches, and political caricatures to Punch. The cover

Graciosa Island

2005-04-01T18:43:00.000-08:00

Portuguese Ilha Graciosa, volcanic island, northernmost of the central Azores, east-central Atlantic Ocean. The 23-square-mile (60-square-kilometre) island reaches a height of 1,338 feet (408 m) at the summit of Enxôfre Caldera, a volcanic crater. Dense vegetation is supported by the volcanic soils, and wine grapes, fruit, cereals, and cattle are raised. They are marketed through the principal settlements, Santa

Social Behaviour In Animals

2005-03-28T19:30:00.000-08:00

To understand social behaviour more fully, it is necessary to examine it throughout the range of animal life. W.C. Allee, in his classic book The Social Life of Animals, distinguishes two major types of animal societies. One is the parental, or familial, society, in which parent and offspring stay together for varying lengths of time. The other is the pair bond, or club, society,

Takashimaya Co., Ltd.

2005-03-26T19:43:00.000-08:00

Japanese Takashimaya Kabushiki-gaisha, premier department-store company in Japan. The company traces its history back to a cotton-goods store founded in Kyoto in 1831; the modern limited-liability company was established in 1919. Today the company has department stores in Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Rakusai, Sakai, Wakayama, and several other Japanese cities, as well as branches overseas in such cities as New York, Paris, London,

Mithan

2005-03-24T11:06:00.000-08:00

Cattle species also known as gayal (q.v.).

Annelid, Hormones

2005-03-23T06:07:00.000-08:00

Neurosecretory cells, which are nerve cells that produce hormones, are found in the brain; their structure, similar to that of nonsecretory nerve cells, consists of fine projections (an axon and neurofibrils)

Pregnancy, Vagina

2005-03-22T21:02:00.000-08:00

The pinkish tan colour of the lining of the vagina gradually takes on a bluish cast during the early months of pregnancy as a result of the dilation of the blood vessels in the vaginal wall; later the vaginal wall tends to become a purplish red colour as the blood vessels become further engorged. The cells of the vaginal mucosa increase in size. Added numbers of these

Alvensleben-erxleben, Gustav, Graf Von (count Of)

2005-03-21T02:21:00.000-08:00

As a member of the Prussian general staff (1847–58), Alvensleben participated in the suppression of the revolution of 1849 in Baden and was named chief of staff for the troops that remained in occupation. In 1854 he

Animal Interlace

2005-03-20T22:19:00.000-08:00

In calligraphy, rich, fanciful decorative motif characteristic of work by the Hiberno-Saxon book artists of the early Middle Ages in the British Isles. Its intertwined, fantastic animal and bird forms are often densely and minutely detailed—an example in the Book of Kells (c. 800) contains 158 interlacements in a space of 0.25 square inch (1.61 square cm). Another work of comparable stylistic

Skåne

2005-03-20T16:59:00.000-08:00

Also called Scania län (county) and traditional landskap (province), southern Sweden. Skåne county was created in 1997 from the counties of Malmöhus and Kristianstad and is coextensive with Skåne province. Occupying the peninsular southern tip of Sweden, it is bounded by water on three sides—the Baltic Sea on the east and south, The Sound (Öresund) on the west, and the Kattegat (strait) on the northwest.

Plummer's Disease

2005-03-18T04:35:00.000-08:00

Also called toxic multinodular goitre thyroid condition characterized by marked enlargement of the thyroid gland (goitre), firm thyroid nodules, and mild overproduction of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism). Plummer's disease, which usually occurs in older people, is of unknown etiology. Its symptoms resemble those of Graves' disease (q.v.), a condition believed to be an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies

Mountain, Intracontinental mountain belts

2005-03-18T01:18:00.000-08:00

In some regions, mountain belts have been formed by crustal shortening within a continental mass, rather than where two continents have collided. Some 40,000,000 to 80,000,000 years ago, the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming formed in this way, and today both the Tien Shan and the Atlas Mountains of northwestern Africa are actively forming within a continent. In general, intracontinental

Flogging

2005-03-16T02:15:00.000-08:00

A beating administered with a whip or rod, usually on the person's back. Flogging was once a common method of punishing criminals and of preserving discipline in the home, school, armed forces, and prisons. In the Mosaic code flogging was a punishment for crime. Slaves in the ancient world were frequently flogged to death when they were sufficiently numerous to be of

Romany Language

2005-03-15T00:51:00.000-08:00

It is likely,

Kubovy, Aryeh Leon

2005-03-13T10:35:00.000-08:00

After settling in Israel (1948), Kubovy served that country in diplomatic posts in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and several South American countries. He was chairman of Yad Vashem (Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority)

Gamete

2005-03-12T18:29:00.000-08:00

Sex, or reproductive, cell containing only one set of dissimilar chromosomes, or half of the genetic material necessary to form a complete organism (i.e., haploid). During fertilization, male and female gametes fuse, producing a diploid (i.e., containing paired chromosomes) zygote. Gametes may be identical in form (isogamy), as in the black mold (Rhizopus), or there may be more

Averroës

2005-03-11T13:41:00.000-08:00

Averroës was born into a distinguished family of jurists at Córdoba and died at Marrakech, the North African capital of the Almohad dynasty. Thoroughly versed in the traditional Muslim sciences (especially exegesis of the Qur'an—Islamic scripture—and Hadith, or Traditions, and fiqh, or Law), trained in medicine, and accomplished in philosophy, Averroës rose to be chief

W Particle

2005-03-10T00:45:00.000-08:00

The existence of intermediate vector bosons and their properties were predicted in the late

Caacupé

2005-03-10T00:07:00.000-08:00

City, central Paraguay. The name Caacupé originated from the Guaraní word caaguycupé, meaning “the other side of the mountain.” Founded in 1770, the city nestles in a valley of the Cordillera (mountains) de los Altos. Although oranges, tobacco, and sugarcane grown in the hinterland are processed in the city, Caacupé is best known as a resort and pilgrimage centre. On December

Omdurman, Battle Of

2005-03-08T18:00:00.000-08:00

Preparations for an advance against 'Abd Allah's forces at Omdurman began at the end of July 1898, with the dispatch

Piperazine

2005-03-07T11:56:00.000-08:00

Also called hexahydropyrazine anthelmintic drug used in the treatment of intestinal roundworm infection in humans and domestic animals (including poultry) and against pinworm infection in humans. It is administered orally, in repeated doses, usually as the citrate salt. Its action causes worms to be paralyzed and then eliminated in the stool.

Cimbri

2005-03-05T07:24:00.000-08:00

A Germanic tribe whose military incursion into Roman Italy was thrust back in 101 BC. Forced out of what is now Denmark by overpopulation and the encroaching sea, the Cimbri pushed southward, eventually swelling in numbers by the addition of their allies the Teutoni and other tribes. They scored victories over the Romans in 113, 109, and 107. Following a particularly devastating Roman

Annaberg-buchholz

2005-03-05T05:55:00.000-08:00

Town, east-central Germany, high in the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge), near the Czech border. It was formed in 1945 by the union of Annaberg (chartered 1497) and Buchholz (chartered 1501), both of which were founded as silver-mining settlements. With the decline of mining and smelting in the 16th century, the pillow-lace industry was introduced in 1561 and became, with related manufactures, the principal

Henry Draper Catalogue

2005-03-04T10:58:00.000-08:00

Listing of the positions, magnitudes, and spectral types of stars in all parts of the sky; with it began the present alphabetical system (see Harvard classification system) of classifying stars by spectral type. The catalog, named in honour of the U.S. astronomer Henry Draper and financed through an endowment by his widow, was compiled at the Harvard College Observatory

Daguerre, Louis-jacques-mandé

2005-03-03T07:59:00.000-08:00

French painter and physicist who invented the daguerreotype (q.v.), the first practical process of photography. Though the first permanent photograph from nature was made in 1826/27 by Joseph-Nicéphore Niepce of France, it was of poor quality and required about eight hours' exposure time. The process that Daguerre developed

Ninazu

2005-03-02T07:45:00.000-08:00

In Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian deity, the city god of Enegir, which was located on the Euphrates River between Larsa and Ur in the southern orchard region. Ninazu was also the city god of Eshnunna (modern Tall al-Asmar in eastern Iraq). Ninazu, whose name means “Water Knower,” was primarily an underworld deity, although the exact nature of his character or functions

Arakanese

2005-03-01T04:02:00.000-08:00

Member of a Myanmar (Burmese) ethnic group centred in the Arakan coastal region of southern Myanmar (Burma). The Arakanese are Buddhists of Myanmar stock and possess a dialect and customs of their own. Separated from the parent group in central Myanmar by the mountains of the Arakan Yoma, they trace their history to 2666 BC, have had a lineal succession of as many as 227 princes, and

Duchesne, Louis-marie-olivier

2005-02-28T08:21:00.000-08:00

Ordained a priest in 1867, he studied in Rome and in Paris (1871–73), where he was appointed professor at the Catholic

Military Affairs, Middle East.

2005-02-27T03:22:00.000-08:00

The situation in Israel and the Palestinian Autonomous Areas devolved into a war in all but name. Palestinian militants used small arms, mortars, and suicide bombers, mostly against civilian targets. The Israeli military used weapons ranging from F-16 fighter jets and missile-equipped attack helicopters to tank-fired flechette rounds, which contained thousands

Heilungkiang, Relief

2005-02-26T00:21:00.000-08:00

The province of Heilungkiang occupies about half of the huge Manchurian Plain, surrounded on three sides by old mountain ranges of medium elevation. Its central part is the Sungari–Nen river plain, delimited by the Greater Khingan (Ta-hsing-an) Range of Inner Mongolia on the west, the Lesser Khingan (Hsiao-hsing-an) Range on the north, and the Chang-kuang-ts'ai and Lao-yeh

Military Affairs, Middle East.

2005-02-25T20:22:00.000-08:00

Any of the group of mammals that includes elephants and their extinct relatives such as mammoths and mastodons. Although only three species of elephant are extant today, more than 160 extinct proboscidean species have been identified from remains found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Most of these were called gomphotheres, which belonged to

Hystero-epilepsy

2005-02-24T06:52:00.000-08:00

Hysterical seizures that resemble epilepsy and, in diagnosis, must be distinguished from it. In hystero-epilepsy the reflexes and responses to stimulation in the part of the body affected are normal, and the electroencephalogram shows no significant abnormality in the brain waves. Usually the person affected can be roused by painful stimuli and is never completely

Coast Mountains

2005-02-23T14:50:00.000-08:00

Segment of the Pacific mountain system (q.v.) of western North America. The range extends southeastward through western British Columbia, Can., for about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from just north of the border with Yukon Territory, Can., along the border of the panhandle of Alaska, U.S., to the Fraser River. Many peaks exceed 11,000 feet (3,400 m), including Monarch Mountain and Mounts Munday, Tiedemann, and

Ac/dc

2005-02-22T13:28:00.000-08:00

Australian heavy metal band whose theatrical, high-energy shows placed them among the most popular stadium performers of the 1980s. The principal members were Angus Young (b. March 31, 1955, Glasgow, Scot.), Malcolm Young (b. Jan. 6, 1953, Glasgow), Bon Scott (original name Ronald Belford Scott; b. July 9, 1946, Kirriemuir, Angus, Scot.—d. Feb. 21, 1980, London, Eng.), Brian Johnson (b. Oct. 5, 1948, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear,

Cd

2005-02-21T02:09:00.000-08:00

Abbreviation of Córdoba Durchmusterung (q.v.), an astronomical catalog.

Pontevedra

2005-02-19T21:17:00.000-08:00

Provincia, northwestern Spain, smallest of the four provinces of the comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Galicia. It is mountainous, with an Atlantic coastline deeply indented by the picturesque rías bajas (inlets) of Arosa, Pontevedra, and Vigo. Numerous traditional fiestas held throughout the province contribute, with the scenic beauty and fine beaches,

Khams

2005-02-19T00:09:00.000-08:00

Also called Mdo-stod, one of three regions into which the area of Central Asia inhabited by Tibetans is traditionally divided. During the 7th to 9th century AD, the central Tibetan kingdom was extended until it reached the Tarim Basin on the north, China on the east, India and Nepal on the south, and Kashmir on the west. The newly added dominions to the east and northeast were called Mdo-Khams. The

Reinheim

2005-02-18T14:10:00.000-08:00

Small village near Saarbrücken in Saarland Land (state), southwestern Germany. It is famous for an unusually rich Celtic grave found there in 1954. The grave, which may have belonged to local princesses, is one of the most notable of the Early La Tène burials (see La Tène). Within the wooden funerary chamber were found many bronze and gold objects, including bracelets, rings,

Bulgaria, Slavic invasions

2005-02-17T06:52:00.000-08:00

The story of the modern Bulgarian people begins with the Slavic invasions of the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th and 7th centuries AD, a time when Byzantium was absorbed in prolonged conflict with Persia and could not resist the incursions from the north. Ancient sources refer to two Slavic tribes north of the Danube at this time, the Slavenae and the Antae. Evidence suggests

Reinheim

2005-02-16T14:02:00.000-08:00

The amount of oxygen used by microorganisms in the process of breaking down organic matter in water. The more organic matter there is (e.g., in sewage), the greater the number of microbes. The more microbes there are, the greater the need of oxygen to support them; consequently, less oxygen is available for higher animals such as fishes. The BOD is therefore a reliable gauge

Szekszárd

2005-02-15T01:21:00.000-08:00

Town and seat of Tolna megye (county), south-central Hungary. Lying close to the Sió River, south-southeast of Budapest, the town once lay along the Danube before that river was rechanneled as a result of 19th-century water regulation. Szekszárd's vineyards have been famous for centuries. The town centre stands on a hill overlooking the river; the county hall, which was built

Break

2005-02-14T04:08:00.000-08:00

The other is a team-drawn conveyance of the heavy phaeton type that is used for pleasure

Gisant

2005-02-13T07:17:00.000-08:00

In sepulchral sculpture, recumbent effigy representing the person in death; especially, an effigy depicting the deceased in a state of advanced decomposition, as was popular particularly in the 15th and 16th centuries in northern Europe. The gisant represented as a decayed corpse was often placed below a portrait, or orant, effigy, which represented the person praying

Eastern Orthodoxy, Attempts at ecclesiastical union and theological renaissance

2005-02-12T15:16:00.000-08:00

In 1261 the Nicaean emperor Michael Palaeologus recaptured Constantinople from the Latins, and an Orthodox patriarch again occupied the see in Hagia Sophia. From 1261 to 1453 the Palaeologan dynasty presided over an empire that was embattled from every side, torn apart by civil wars, and gradually shrinking to the very limits of the imperial city itself. The church, meanwhile,

Ikere-ekiti

2005-02-12T10:48:00.000-08:00

Also called Ikere , or Ikerre town, Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria, on the road from Akure to Ado-Ekiti. A major collecting point for cocoa, it also serves as an agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava [yuca], rice, corn [maize], palm oil and kernels, okra, pumpkins) for the Ekiti branch of the Yoruba people. Ikere-Ekiti has government and Christian teacher-training colleges; there is also a hospital. The

Houma

2005-02-10T14:48:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1834) of Terrebonne parish, southeastern Louisiana, U.S., situated about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of New Orleans. It lies along Bayou Terrebonne and the Intracoastal Waterway and is connected to the Gulf of Mexico by the Houma Navigation Canal, 36 miles (58 km) long. In the 1760s, Acadians originally from Nova Scotia settled in the area, which was then occupied by the Houma Indians.

Baratynsky, Yevgeny Abramovich

2005-02-09T11:29:00.000-08:00

Of noble parentage, Baratynsky was expelled from the imperial corps of pages, entered the army, was commissioned,

Gulf Stream

2005-02-08T19:25:00.000-08:00

The Gulf Stream is part of a general

Kirk Range

2005-02-07T07:35:00.000-08:00

Plateau in southwestern Malawi, extending in a north-south direction and skirting the southwestern shore of Lake Nyasa and the western border of the Shire River valley. The northern scarp overlooks the Central Region Plateau, while the southern limits merge into the lower Shire Highlands. The plateau's height decreases in a southerly direction, from 5,500 feet (1,676 m) at Dedza

Medicine, Industrial medicine

2005-02-06T00:12:00.000-08:00

The Industrial Revolution greatly changed, and as a rule worsened, the health hazards caused by industry, while the numbers at risk vastly increased. In Britain the first small beginnings of efforts to ameliorate the lot of the workers in factories and mines began in 1802 with the passing of the first factory act, the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act. The factory act

Tardieu, André

2005-02-05T13:56:00.000-08:00

A member of an upper middle-class family, Tardieu studied at the École Normale Supérieure. After a period in the diplomatic service, he made his reputation as foreign editor of Le Temps. Elected

Sun-joffe Manifesto

2005-02-04T10:44:00.000-08:00

In the negotiations that led to the signing of the manifesto, Sun agreed to the formation

Integraph

2005-02-03T22:56:00.000-08:00

Mathematical instrument for plotting the integral of a graphically defined function. Two such instruments were invented independently about 1880 by the British physicist Sir Charles Vernon Boys and the Lithuanian mathematician Bruno Abdank Abakanowicz and were later modified and improved by others. The integraph draws the graph of the integral as the user traces

Paul I, Saint

2005-02-02T19:17:00.000-08:00

Consecrated deacon by Pope St. Zacharias, he became a key member of the Curia under his brother Pope Stephen II (or III), whom he was elected on April 26, 757, to succeed. He secured the support of the Frankish king Pippin III the Short against the animosity of the Lombard king Desiderius and the Byzantine emperor Constantine V

Switzerland, Leisure

2005-02-02T03:12:00.000-08:00

Living in close proximity to the mountains, which are well linked by road and rail to the urban areas, the Swiss have become extremely sport-conscious and have encouraged the growth of skiing and mountaineering as tourist attractions. Other sports include Swiss-style wrestling, gymnastics, regular Sunday-morning shooting, Hornussen (a kind of Alpine baseball), tennis,

Scheie's Syndrome

2005-01-31T18:28:00.000-08:00

Also called Mucopolysaccharidosis I S , or Mps I S uncommon hereditary metabolic disease characterized by clawing of the hands, corneal clouding, incompetence of the aortic valve of the heart, and painful nerve compression in the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome). The disease was described by Harold Scheie of the United States in 1962 and is a mild variant of Hurler's syndrome (MPS I H), a disorder associated with subnormal

Nardò

2005-01-31T13:05:00.000-08:00

Latin Neretum, town, Lecce provincia, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy, southwest of Lecce city. Originally the Roman city of Neretum, Nardò was both Byzantine and Norman; it has a 13th–14th-century cathedral in the Gothic style and an unusual circular chapel called the Osanna, dating from 1603. Examples of Baroque architecture in the town include the Church of San Domenico. Modern

Nation, Carry

2005-01-29T04:12:00.000-08:00

Carry Moore as a child experienced poverty, her mother's mental instability, and frequent bouts of ill health. Although she held a teaching certificate from a state normal school, her education was intermittent. In 1867 she married a young physician,

Berg, Gertrude

2005-01-29T02:36:00.000-08:00

In December 1918, while enrolled in a playwriting extension course at Columbia University, Gertrude Edelstein met and married Lewis Berg. Having begun

Torgau

2005-01-26T10:39:00.000-08:00

City, Saxony Land (state), eastern Germany. It is a port on the Elbe River, northeast of Leipzig. First mentioned in 973 and chartered in 1255–67, it was, after 1456, a frequent residence of the electors of Saxony, who built the Hartenfels Castle (1533–44 and 1616–23; now a museum). In 1526 the Torgauer Bund, a league of evangelical princes against the Roman Catholic princes, was formed there. During that period Martin

Giono, Jean

2005-01-25T07:00:00.000-08:00

A love of nature came to Giono from his mountain town and from the shepherd family with whom, as a boy, he spent his summers. He was largely self-taught. As an infantryman in World War I, he was one of his company's

Anastasius I, Saint

2005-01-25T04:37:00.000-08:00

Anastasius earned the praise of St. Jerome (Letter 127) for censuring (c. 400) the works of Origen, one of the most influential theologians of the early Greek church. In papal letters he condemned several Origenist writings and disapproved the spreading of Origen's teaching. Anastasius' virtues

Chadwick, Sir Edwin

2005-01-23T22:41:00.000-08:00

As secretary of the royal commission on reform of the poor laws (1834–46), Chadwick was largely responsible for devising the system under which the country was divided into groups of parishes administered by elected boards of guardians,

La Bruyère, Jean De

2005-01-22T06:21:00.000-08:00

La Bruyère studied law at

Strangles

2005-01-20T20:06:00.000-08:00

Horse disease caused by Streptococcus equi, a bacterium that invades nasal and throat passages and forms abscesses in lymph nodes and other parts of the body. It is one of a group of diseases called distemper of horses. Young horses are most susceptible to it, and outbreaks of the disease usually occur where a number of horses are stabled. Mortality is low. Treatment

Davidson (of Lambeth), Randall Thomas Davidson, Baron

2005-01-20T07:18:00.000-08:00

Ordained in 1875, Davidson became resident chaplain two years later to the archbishop of Canterbury, Archibald C. Tait. He soon won the trust of Queen Victoria, whose influence

Sthanakavasi

2005-01-19T20:57:00.000-08:00

The Sthanakavasi, whose name refers to the subsect's preference for performing religious duties at a secular place such as a monks' meetinghouse (sthanak) rather than at a temple, differs from the Shvetambara sect

China, The Khitan

2005-01-19T06:41:00.000-08:00

To the north at the time of the Wu-tai rose the seminomadic but largely pastoral Khitan, who were related to the eastern Mongols. The word Khitan (or Khitai) is the source of Cathay, the name for North China in medieval Europe (as reported by Marco Polo), and of Kitai, the Russian name for China. The Khitan founded the Liao Empire (907–1125) by expanding from the border of Mongolia into

Switzerland, Vegetation

2005-01-17T20:47:00.000-08:00

The vegetation is derived from that of the four European climatic regions converging in Switzerland and has been influenced by the varied relief. It includes the beeches and oaks of the maritime west; hornbeam and larch trees in the more continental east, predominantly in the Engadin and the dry Valais; extensive spruce forests in the northern subalpine region;

Leakey, Mary Douglas

2005-01-16T22:53:00.000-08:00

As a girl she exhibited a natural talent for drawing and was interested in archaeology. After undergoing sporadic

Claude Of France

2005-01-14T22:12:00.000-08:00

In 1504 Claude's mother, eager to keep Brittany out of French hands, caused the Treaty of Blois to be concluded, which assured the hand of Claude to Charles of Austria (the future emperor Charles V) and promised him Brittany, Burgundy,

Andean Peoples

2005-01-14T19:16:00.000-08:00

Although the Andes Mountains extend from Venezuela to the southern tip of the continent, it is conventional to call “Andean” only the people who were once part of Tawantinsuyu, the Inca Empire in the Central Andes, or those influenced by it. Even so, the Andean region is very wide. It encompasses

Zambezi River, Plant life

2005-01-12T21:30:00.000-08:00

The vegetation along the upper and middle course of the Zambezi is predominantly savanna, with deciduous trees, grass, and open woodland. Mopane woodland (Colophospermum mopane) is predominant on the alluvial flats of the low-lying river valleys and is highly susceptible to fire. Grass, when present, is typically short and sparse. Forestland with species of the genus

Han-yang

2005-01-12T20:27:00.000-08:00

Also called Ts'ai-tien , Pinyin Hanyang , or Caidian urban area and industrial city in Hupeh Province (sheng), central China. Located on the right bank of the Han Shui (river) at its confluence with the Yangtze, opposite Han-k'ou, it is the westernmost of the three cities of the Wu-han (q.v.) conurbation (Han-k'ou, Han-yang, Wu-ch'ang). Han-yang was founded under the Sui dynasty (AD 581–618) but was of little importance until modern times. In the early

Dab

2005-01-10T06:52:00.000-08:00

Other species

Levi Strauss & Co.

2005-01-10T06:11:00.000-08:00

The company traces its origin to Levi Strauss (1829–1902), a Bavarian immigrant who arrived in San

Azilian Industry

2005-01-08T16:48:00.000-08:00

Tool tradition of Late Paleolithic and Early Mesolithic Europe, especially in France and Spain. The Azilian industry was preceded by the richer and more complex Magdalenian industry and was more or less contemporary with such industries as the Tardenoisian, Maglemosian, Ertebølle, and Asturian. Stone tools of the Azilian were mostly extremely small, called microliths,

Metamorphic Rock, Amphibolite facies

2005-01-06T14:40:00.000-08:00

The amphibolite facies is the common high-grade facies of regional metamorphism, and, like the greenschist facies, such rocks are present in all ages from all over the world. Their characteristic feature is the development of the most common amphibole, hornblende, in the presence of a plagioclase feldspar and garnet. The rocks are normally highly foliated or schistose.

Biblical Literature, Types of writing materials and methods

2005-01-06T09:11:00.000-08:00

In Hellenistic times (c. 300 BC–c. AD 300), official records were often inscribed on stone or metal tablets. Literary works and detailed letters were written on parchment or papyrus, though short or temporary records were written or scratched on potsherds (ostraca) or wax tablets. Scrolls were made by gluing together papyrus sheets (made from the pith of the papyrus reed) or by sewing

Computers, Invention of the modern computer

2005-01-05T23:47:00.000-08:00

G. Pascal Zachary, Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century (1997), presents a detailed account of Bush's role in transforming scientific research in the United States through government funding.

Charles, Thomas

2005-01-05T01:38:00.000-08:00

Educated at the dissenting academy in Carmarthen and at Jesus College, Oxford, after holding curacies in Somerset, he settled in 1783 in the neighbourhood of Bala, his wife's home. He

Biblical Literature, Canonical standards of the 3rd and 4th centuries

2005-01-03T22:01:00.000-08:00

Clement of Alexandria, a theologian who flourished in the late 2nd century, seemed to be practically unconcerned about canonicity. To him, inspiration is what mattered, and he made use of the Gospel of the Hebrews, the Gospel of the Egyptians, the Letter of Barnabas, the Didache, and other extracanonical works. Origen (died c. 254), Clement's pupil and one of the greatest thinkers

Robert, Henry Martyn

2005-01-02T15:21:00.000-08:00

A graduate (1857) of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., Robert was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers and retired (1901) with the rank of brigadier general. During the Civil War (1861–65) he constructed defenses for Washington,

Paglia, Camille

2005-01-01T18:40:00.000-08:00

The controversial academic, aesthete, and self-described feminist Camille Paglia enunciated her unorthodox views on sexuality and the development of culture and art in Western civilization in two books, Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (1990) and Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays (1992). Her public persona and iconoclastic views enraged

Aldfrith

2005-01-01T13:58:00.000-08:00

King of Northumbria (685–704) and patron of literature. An illegitimate son of Oswiu, he succeeded to the throne when his brother Ecgfrith was killed at the Battle of Nechtansmere. Educated for the priesthood, he stimulated the growth of scholarship in Northumbria during his reign, producing conditions under which the historian Bede flourished.

Benedict I

2004-12-30T04:42:00.000-08:00

Little is known about his life. He was elected to succeed John III, probably just after the latter's death (July 574), but was not consecrated until June 575, so that the see of Rome was vacant for almost 11 months. He consecrated 21 bishops during his pontificate and granted the Massa Veneris, an estate near Minturnae (near modern Minturo, Italy), to Abbot Stephen

Cystinosis

2004-12-29T16:26:00.000-08:00

Inborn error of metabolism resulting in the deposition of crystals of the amino acid cystine in various body tissues. Tissues that are particularly affected include the bone marrow, liver, cornea (where the crystals can be seen), and kidney. When they are about six to nine months old, infants with cystinosis refuse to eat, grow poorly, and urinate excessively; these symptoms

Benedict I

2004-12-28T00:10:00.000-08:00

In the United Kingdom, television network consisting of a consortium of private companies in competition with the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is regulated by the Independent Broadcasting Authority, which was originally the Independent Television Authority. The ITV network was authorized by act of Parliament in 1954, when the BBC's monopoly over radio

Tear Duct And Gland,

2004-12-27T00:40:00.000-08:00

Also called Lachrymal, or Lacrimal, Duct And Gland, the structures that produce, distribute, and carry away tears (drops of clear saline fluid that are diffused between the eye and eyelid). Tears moisten the membrane that covers the eye (conjunctiva) and facilitate motion. Tears are also secreted as a reflex response to various stimuli, including irritants to the cornea, bright lights, and hot or peppery substances in

Holocaust, Non-Jewish victims of Nazism

2004-12-26T09:12:00.000-08:00

Political dissidents, trade unionists, and Social Democrats were among the first to be arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps. Under

Scorpius X-1

2004-12-24T14:09:00.000-08:00

(catalog number Sco X-1), brightest X-ray source in the sky, the first such object discovered in the direction of the constellation Scorpius. Detected in 1962, its X-radiation is not only strong but, like other X-ray sources, quite variable as well. Its variability exhibits two states, one at higher output with great variability on a time scale of minutes and another at lower output

China, Trends in the early Ch'ing

2004-12-23T01:22:00.000-08:00

The tripling of China's population from the beginning of the Ch'ing dynasty to the mid-19th century rested on the economic expansion that followed the consolidation of Manchu rule. This population growth has been frequently cited as the major cause of the decline of China in the 19th century. Certainly the year 1800 saw the Ch'ing state's surpluses, sufficient through the 18th

Jacaranda

2004-12-21T18:20:00.000-08:00

Any plant of the genus Jacaranda (family Bignoniaceae), especially the two ornamental trees J. mimosifolia and J. cuspidifolia. They are widely grown in warm parts of the world and in greenhouses for their showy blue or violet flowers and attractive, oppositely paired, compound leaves. The genus includes about 50 species native to Central and South America and to the

Ta-tu

2004-12-21T17:02:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Dadu , also spelled Taidu , Mongol Khanbaliq the city of Peking (q.v.) under the Mongols.

Tank

2004-12-20T03:33:00.000-08:00

The need to cross rivers and other water obstacles led to the development of amphibious tanks, beginning with the British Medium D, designed in 1918. Amphibious tanks built during 1920s and '30s sacrificed armament and armour to achieve low weight in relation to their bulk and, therefore, sufficient buoyancy to float. This confined their usefulness to reconnaissance. A late

Albert I

2004-12-19T00:38:00.000-08:00

In 1123 Albert inherited Saxon estates between the Harz Mountains and the middle reaches of the Elbe River from his father, Otto the Rich. After his mother's death in 1142, he received the central German possessions

Zion

2004-12-18T00:43:00.000-08:00

City, Lake county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It lies along Lake Michigan, near the Wisconsin border. Zion was founded in 1901 by John Alexander Dowie as the headquarters of his Christian Catholic Church. Until 1935 it was theocratically governed, and the church controlled all business activities. The church schools were closed in 1939, after which a modern educational system was

Muhammad, The emigration from Mecca to Medina

2004-12-17T07:08:00.000-08:00

In the summer of 621, 12 men from Medina, visiting Mecca for the annual pilgrimage to the Ka'bah (still a pagan shrine), secretly professed themselves Muslims to Muhammad and went back to make propaganda for him at Medina. At the pilgrimage in June 622 a representative party of 75 persons from Medina, including two women, not merely professed Islam but also took an oath to defend Muhammad

Olympic Games, Antwerp, Belgium, 1920

2004-12-16T13:55:00.000-08:00

The city, plagued by bad weather and economic woes, had a very short time to clean up the rubble left